Hegel (1770-1731) and his time - Timeline 1748-1841
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Year | Hegel | Other |
---|---|---|
1748 |
War of Austrian Succession ends
Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh |
|
1749 |
Goethe is born Mirabeau is born |
|
1750 |
The Little Ice Age (1500-1850) reaches its peak |
|
1753 |
Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning rod Lazare Carnot is born |
|
1754 |
Beginning of the French and Indian War in North America
Christian Wolff dies |
|
1755 |
First English dictionary is published by Samuel Johnson Nov 1: Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake Winckelmann: Gedanken über die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke in der Malerei und Bildhauerkunst (“edele Einfalt und stille Größe”) Lessing: Miss Sara Sampson Montesquieu dies Nov 2: Marie Antoinette is born Nov 17: later Louis XVIII of France is born |
|
1756 |
Begin of Seven Year War (Prussia vs. Austria, England vs. France) Jan 27: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is born |
|
1757 |
Pantheon built in Paris Marquis de Lafayette is born Stein is born |
|
1758 |
Karl Leonhard Reinhold is born May 6: Maximilian Robespierre is born Sep 29: Horatio Nelson is born |
|
1759 |
Jan 15: The British Museum opens Adam Smith: Theory of Moral Sentiments Voltaire: Candide Apr 14: Händel dies Oct 28: Danton is born Baron Maximilian von Montgelas is born Friedrich Schiller is born |
|
1760 |
Russian army briefly occupies Berlin and Königsberg Claude Henri de Saint-Simon is born |
|
1761 |
Jan 16: British capture Pondicherry, India from the French
Gottlob Ernst Schulze (“Aenesidemus”) is born |
|
1762 |
Jan 4: England declares war on Spain & Naples
Mozart: first public concert in Vienna (6 years old) |
|
1763 | End of Seven Year War | |
1764 | Feb 15: St. Louis (USA) is established | |
1765 |
Stamp Act Mendelsohn: Phaedon or on the Immortality of the Soul Mar 27: Franz Xaver von Baader is born Wilhelm von Humboldt is born August Wilhelm von Schlegel is born |
|
1766 |
Lessing: Laocoon Feb 14: Thomas Robert Malthus is born Sep 6: John Dalton is born Niethammer is born |
|
1767 |
Lessing: Minna von Barnhelm, Hamburgische Dramaturgie Georg Philipp Telemann dies Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just is born August Wilhelm Schlegel is born |
|
1768 |
Spinning Jenny invented 1st vol. of 1st Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica published Begin of Cook’s first voyage Nov 21 Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher is born Karl Ludwig von Haller is born |
|
1769 | Sep 29: Hegel’s parents, Georg Ludwig and Maria Magdalena marry |
Aug 15: Napoleon Bonaparte is born Alexander von Humboldt is born |
1770 | G.W.F. Hegel is born |
Captain James Cook explores the east coast of Australia and claims it
for Great Britain Kant becomes Professor in Königsberg Baron Karl Sigmund von Altenstein is born Ludwig van Beethoven is born Friedrich Hölderlin is born W.T. Krug is born J.H.K. Hengstenberg is born |
1771 |
Beginning of the French and Indian War in North America
3rd and last vol. of 1st Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica
published |
|
1772 |
1st division of Poland
Last part of Diderot’s Enceclopedie published |
|
1773 |
his sister, Christiane, is born Hegel goes to the deutsche Schule |
English Tea Act is answerd by Boston Tea Party (Dec 16) Goethe: Götz von Berlichingen |
1774 |
Goethe: The Sufferings of young Werther Caspar David Friedrich is born J.F.Fries is born |
|
1775 |
Begin of American Independence War
Jan 22: André-Marie Ampère is born |
|
1776 |
entrance into Untergymnasium. birth of brother Georg Ludwig |
Declaration of Independence of USA
Jan 10: Thomas Paine: Common Sense |
1777 |
Jun 14: Stars and Stripes adopted by Congress as United States flag
Jan 2: Daniel Christian Rauch is born |
|
1778 |
France signs a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans
James Cook discovers Hawai |
|
1779 |
Lessing: Nathan the Wise Goethe: Iphigenie Feb 14: James Cook killed in Hawai Friedrich Carl v. Savigny is born Jun 30: Adam Müller is born |
|
1780 | Hegel takes the Landexamen for the first time |
Maria Theresia (Austrian Empress) dies
Fichte enters Jena theological seminary |
1781 |
Herschel discovers the planet Uranus |
|
1782 |
Oct 27: Niccolo Paganini is born |
|
1783 | September 20: Hegel’s mother dies of “Gallenfieber”; Hegel also is seriously ill with it |
End of American Independence War, Sept 3rd: Peace of Paris
Montgolfiers demonstrate their hot-air balloon |
1784 | Beginning in the autumn, Hegel is a student at the Obergymnasium |
Order of Illuminati of Bavaria is forbidden by Edicts (on June 22, 1784, for its suppression) of the Elector of Bavaria (repeated in March and August 1785)
Fichte breaks off theological studies without completing degree |
1785 |
Jan 1: first issue of the Daily Universal Register, later known as The
Times, is published in London |
|
1786 | Centennial celebration of the Stuttgarter Gymnasium. |
Friedrich II of Prussia dies
Mozart: Figaro’s wedding |
1787 |
Sep 17: United States Constitution completed
Jan 11: Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus |
|
1788 |
September: Hegel leaves the Gymnasium; he gives the Abiturrede. October: reception in the Stift at the same time as Hölderlin. Hegel begins his study with philosophical faculty |
Jan 28: First penal colony is founded at Botany Bay, Australia
Jan 1: First edition of The Times (previously The Daily Universal) Feb
1: Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent the steamboat |
1789 |
Beginning of the French Revolution
Mutiny of the ‘Bounty’ |
|
1790 |
Hegel shares a room in the Stift with Hölderlin and Schelling. September: Magister-Exam. Registration in the theological faculty. |
District of Columbia formed
Fichte leaves Zürich for Leipzig, where begins study of Kant |
1791 | Hegel’s later wife, Marie von Tucher, is born |
Begin of Haitian Revolution
Fichte travels to Warsaw to seek employment, then to Königsberg to ask
Kant for financial support, then to Danzig where he works again as a
private tutor |
1792 |
France becomes a Republic
Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle composes La Marseillaise aka “Marche pour
les armées du Rhin” |
|
1793 |
May: the Archduke visits the Tübinger Stift; revolutionary tendencies
are investigated June: theological disputation. Starting in July, Hegel is on leave from the Seminary and stays in Stuttgart Sept 19-20: Konsistorialexamen October: begins his activity as house tutor with K.F. von Steiger Hegel converts from Jacobinism to Girondism |
Jan 21: Louis XVI guillotined
In June Fichte lectures at Tübingen. He vists Berne |
1794 |
Feb 11: 1st session of US Senate open to the public
Fichte becomes successor of Reinhold as Professor in Jena |
|
1795 |
May: trip to Geneva Hegel subscribes ‘Die Horen’ |
Directorium in France
Niethammer founds ‘Philosophisches Journal’, in which many of Fichte’s
essays would appear |
1796 |
July: hike through the Bernese Alps August: poem ‘Eleusius’ to Hölderlin End of the year: return from Berne to Stuttgart |
Nov 17: Catherine the Great of Russia dies
Schiller: On Naive and Sentimental Poetry |
1797 | January: begins the Hofmeister position that Hölderlin found for him with the wine merchant J.N.Gogel in Frankfurt |
May: Napoleon ends 1070 years of independence of Venice, Italy
Kant: The Metaphysics of Morals |
1798 | Cart’s ‘On the former political relationship between Vaud and the City of Berne’ published anonymously by Hegel in Frankfurt |
Helvetic Republic
Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity |
1799 |
January: death of Hegel’s father in Stuttgart. March: Hegel makes the trip back to Stuttgart |
December: Napoleon named First Consul of France
July: The Rosetta Stone is discovered |
1800 | Hegel makes a trip to Mainz, which since 1798 belongs to the French Republic |
May 15: Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy
Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical
battery |
1801 |
January: Hegel moves to Jena |
Peace of Luneville
Fichte: ‘A crystal-clear report to the general public concerning the
actual essence of the newest philosophy: an attempt to force the reader
to understand’. He writes of Schelling as his “spiritual colleague”.
Nevertheless, beginning of difficulties between Schelling and Fichte |
1802 |
Hegel and F.W.J. Schelling found Critical Journal of Philosophy (until
1803) Hegel: The Relation of Skepticism to Philosophy, Faith and Knowledge |
Mar 25: Peace of Amiens between France and United Kingdom
Schelling: Giordano Bruno, or On the Divine and Natural Principle of
Things |
1803 |
Britain declares war on France
Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power |
|
1804 |
Hegel becomes member of two societes for
Science of Nature ‘geognostic voyage’ to the Harz mountain, also visits Göttigen and Westphalen |
Jan 1: French Saint-Domingue becomes independent Republic of Haiti
F. Hölderlin’s translations of the tragedies of Sophocles into
German |
1805 | Hegel named to außerordentliche Professor, without remuneration |
3rd coalition war against France
May 9: Schiller dies |
1806 | Oct: completion of the later ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ (except the foreword) |
Jan 19: United Kingdom occupies the Cape of Good Hope
J.F. Herbert: German Education |
1807 |
Jan: finished Preface of ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ Feb 5: birth of his illegitimate son, Ludwig Fischer March: moves to Bamberg; editor and Redakteur of the Bamberger Zeitung April: publication of the ‘System of Science: First Part: The Phenomenology of Spirit’ |
French troops occupy Königsberg
Fichte appointed Professor in Königsberg but leaves (for Copenhagen)
when French troops threaten to occupy East Prussia. Returns to Berlin
after Peace of Tilsit |
1808 | November: Hegel becomes rector of the Gymnasium in Nürnberg |
Jan 1: Importation of slaves into US is banned
L. van Beethoven, 5th Symphony (op. 67) and 6th, ‘Pastoral’ Symphony |
1809 |
May: Napoleon captures Vienna, is excommunicated, imprisons pope Pius
VII
Lamarck: Philosophie Zoologique |
|
1810 |
K.W. von Humboldt as Prussian minister of education reforms the gymnasia
and institutes pre-university matriculation
H. von Kleist: Der Prinz von Homburg |
|
1811 | September: Hegel marries Marie von Tucher |
Mar: Luddites destroy machinery in Nottingham and Yorkshire towns
Berthold Niebuhr: Roman History |
1812 |
1st Volume of ‘Science of Logic’ published Hegel’s brother Ludwig dies in Russia First daughter Marie dies 1 month after birth |
June 8: U.S. Congress approves war against Britain (the formal
declaration is made 19th)
J.G. Fichte: Transcendental Philosophy |
1813 |
Hegel named Schulrat 2nd Volume of ‘Science of Logic’ published June 7: son Karl Hegel born |
Feb 28: Prussia and Russia alliance
Apr 8: Joseph Lagrange dies |
1814 | Sept 24: son Immanuel born |
April: Napoleon abdicates
Stephenson Adapts the Steam Engine for the Railroad |
1815 | Hegel visits Munich (München) |
Jan 8: before news of peace of Ghent, the battle of New Orleans is
fought and the British are defeated within half an hour
Schelling: Ages of the World |
1816 |
Third volume of Science of Logic published University Professor in Heidelberg |
Argentina gains independence from Spain
The “Year Without A Summer”, caused by the Mount Tambora volcanic
eruption |
1817 |
1st edition of the ‘Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences’ Coeditor of the Heidelberger Jahrbücher ‘Proceedings of the Estates Assembly in the Kingdom of Württemberg 1815-1816’ |
Mar 4: James Monroe is inaugurated fifth President of U.S
David Ricardo: Principles of Political Economy and Taxation |
1818 |
Oct 5: moves to Berlin, succeeding J.G. Fichte as professor Oct 22: inaugural lecture Nov 28: Hegel becomes a member of the Gesetzlose Gesellschaft |
constitutions in the states of the German southwest
May 5: Karl Marx is born |
1819 | Hegel visits the island of Rügen |
Fries influenced student Karl Ludwig Sand murders the right-wing
dramatist August von Kotzebue
Jun 20: First steam-propelled vessel to cross the Atlantic arrives in
Liverpool from Savannah, Georgia |
1820 | Fall: Hegel travels the 1st time to Dresden |
Feb 6: 86 free African American colonists sail from NY to Freeport,
Sierra Leone
Jan 30: Edward Bransfield discovers Antarctica |
1821 |
October: publication of ‘Philosophy of Right’ (Naturrecht und
Staatswissenschaft im Grundrisse and Gundlinien der Philosophie des
Rechts) 2nd trip to Dresden Hegel becomes dean of the philosophical faculty for a one-year term. |
Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire, starting the Greek War of Independence Saint-Simon: On the Industrial SystemJ. Mill: Autobiography Goethe: Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre Feb 23: John Keats dies Apr 9: Charles-Pierre Baudelaire is born May 5: Napoleon I dies on St.Helena Aug 31: Hermann Helmholtz is born Oct 13: Rudolf Virchow is born Oct 30: Fyodor Dostojevsky is born |
1822 |
Hegel writes the preface to Hinrich’s book on the philosophy of
religion Hallesche Allgemeine Zeitung publishes an attack on Hegel, and Hegel fails in his attempt to get the government to intercede for him October: 1st trip to Rhinelands, Belgium and Netherlands, visits de Ghert in Brussels |
Oct 12: Pedro I declared constitutional emperor of the Brazilian
Empire
Hieroglyphs deciphered by Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion
using the Rosetta Stone |
1823 | trip to Leipzig |
Monroe Doctrine
Olbers paradox described by the German astronomer Wilhelm Olbers |
1824 |
Sept/Oct: travel to Vienna via Dresden and Prague Nov 4: Hegel writes the Prussian police on behalf of Victor Cousin |
Charles X becomes King of France
Beethoven: Ninth Symphony |
1825 |
Mar 4: John Quincy Adams is inaugurated sixth President of U.S.
Oct 26: Erie Canal opens (passage from Albany, NY to Lake Erie) |
|
1826 |
Hegel: On a Complaint on Account of a Public Slander of the Catholic
Religion Hegel: ‘On the Converted’ for the Berliner Schnellpost July 23: Founding of the Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik Ludwig Fischer leaves the Hegel family (probable date) |
University College, London, and Munich University founded |
1827 |
2nd, much enlarged edition of the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical
Sciences August-October: trip to Paris, vistits Lazare Carnot in Magdeburg, visits Cousin in Paris returning via Rhineland, Belgium (2nd visit to van Ghert, discusses Ludwig Fisher), Netherlands, Weimar (visits Goethe) publishes ‘On the Episode of the Mahabharata Known as the Bhagavad-Gita by Wilhelm von Humboldt’ in the Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik |
Schelling: On History of Modern Philosophy |
1828 | Review of Hamann’s Writings and Review of Solger in the Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik |
Thomas Carlyle’s Essay on Goethe draws attention of English readers to
German literature |
1829 |
Hegel publishes his review of Goeschel’s ‘Aphorisms on Ignorance and
Absolute Knowing’ in the Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik Hegel is elected rector of the university of Berlin September: 2nd trip to Prague; visit the spa in Karlsbad where he accidentally meets Schelling; on the return trip, he visits Goethe |
Mar 4: Andrew Jackson is inaugurated President of U.S.
Aug 9: First steam locomotive runs in U.S. (Baltimore-Ohio) |
1830 |
Third edition of the ‘Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences’ Mar 6: lunch with the royal family during which there is a remembrance of Hölderlin June 25: Latin speech on the three hundredth anniversary of the Augsburg Confession |
July Revolution in France, Louis Philippe becomes King of France
First long-distance (Manchester-Liverpool) railway begins operation |
1831 |
essay ‘On the English Reform Bill of 1831’ (1st part published, 2nd part
censored) Ludwig Fischer dies New reworking of Science of Logic, Volume I, inclluding new preface (appears 1832) Hegel signs contract for the publication of ‘Lectures on the Proof of God’ (later published by Marheinke) Hegel signs contract for a 2nd, reworked edition of the ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ (rework was completed only up to page 35) Nov 14: Hegel dies Nov 16: The rector of the Berlin University, the Hegelian Marheinke, delivers a speech in honor of Hegel. Hegel is buried in the Berlin Dorothenfriedhof beside the grave of Fichte, like Hegel had wished. |
Cholera enters Europe |
1832 | A complete edition of Hegel’s works (‘Freundesausgabe’) appears in 21 volumes between 1832 and 1845, published by the ‘Freunde des Verewigten’ |
US Democratic Party founded
Comte: Cours de philosophie positive, 6 vol. (Lectures on the positive
philosophy) Goethe: Faust II (published after Goethe’s death) |
1833 |
The Zollverein founded by Friedrich List
Charles Babbage described his Analytical engine |
|
1834 |
Spanish Inquisition suppressed
Dec 23: Thomas Malthus dies |
|
1835 |
First German railway, Nürnberg-Fürth |
|
1836 |
Mar 6: Fort Alamo falls
R.W. Emerson’s ‘Nature’ founds Transcendentalism |
|
1837 |
Victoria crowned Queen of the United Kingdom
Samuel Morse invents the telegraph |
|
1838 |
Start of First British-Afghan War
Proteins discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius |
|
1839 |
Jan 19: British East India Company captures Aden
First German long distance railway, Leipzig-Dresden |
|
1840 |
Jan 22: British colonists reach New Zealand. Official founding date of
Wellington
R. Wagner: Faust overture |
|
1841 |
Jan 26: United Kingdom occupies the territory of Hong Kong
Schelling moves from Munich to Berlin to take Hegel’s former seat. His
assignment by the new King demands him to “eradicate the Dragon Seed of
Hegelianism” by his lectures |
Main Sources (external links):
- Daniel Ferrer’s ‘Philosophical Chronology of the 19th Century’
- Wikipedia.org: 18th and 19th century
- Hegel: Leben - Werk - Wirkungen (Stuttgart 1970)
These have been corrected and added by data from:
- Biographies in: Digitale Bibliothek 1: Deutsche Literatur von Lessing bis Kafka
- Biographies in: Digitale Bibliothek 2: Philosophie von Platon bis Nietzsche
- Biographies in: Digitale Bibliothek 59: English and American Literature
- Biographies in: Walther Killy: ‘Literaturlexikon’ (Digitale Bibliothek 9)
- Biographies in: Gero von Wilpert: ‘Lexikon der Weltliteratur’ (Digitale Bibliothek 13)
- Biographies in: ‘Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (RGG)’ (Digitale Bibliothek 12)
- Biographies in: Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikon
- Historical Data in: Der Grosse Ploetz
- Historical Data in: dtv Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, Band 2
- Brockhaus ‘Kleines Konversationslexikon’ of 1906 (Digitale Bibliothek 50)
- and other sources
However, some errors may have been overlooked in the first draft. If you find some, please let us know.